Adam Smith’s invisible hand is unstable: physics and dynamics reasoning applied to economic theorizing
نویسنده
چکیده
Neo-classical economic theory is based on the postulated, nonempiric notion of utility. Neoclassical economists assume that prices, dynamics, and market equilibria are supposed to be derived from utility. The results are supposed to represent mathematically the stabilizing action of Adam Smith’s invisible hand. In deterministic excess demand dynamics, however, a utility function generally does not exist mathematically due to nonintegrability. Price as a function of demand does not exist and all equilibria are unstable. Qualitatively, and empirically, the neo-classical prediction of price as a function of demand describes neither consumer nor trader demand. We also discuss 5ve inconsistent de5nitions of equilibrium used in economics and 5nance, only one of which is correct, and then explain the fallacy in the economists’ notion of ‘temporary price equilibria’. c © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
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